LIST OF INTERMEDIATE CONTROL QUESTIONS
(3 semester)
1. Nervous system. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. Classification. Peripheral nervous system. Nerve, its structure and regeneration. Spinal-brain ganglia, their morphofunctional characteristics.
2. Spinal cord. Morphofunctional characteristic. Development. The structure of white and gray matter. Neural composition. Sensory and motor pathways of the spinal cord as examples of reflex arcs.
3. The brain stem. Sources of development. Gray and white matter. Principles of organization of the ascending pathways. Medulla. The cores. Reticular formation: structure, function.
4. The brain. General morphological and functional characteristics of the big hemispheres. Embryogenesis. Neural organization of the cerebral cortex. The concept of the columns. Myeloarchitecture. Age-related changes of the cortex.
5. Cerebellum. Structure and functional characteristics. The neuronal composition of the cerebellar cortex and gliocytes. Interneuron connections.
6. Autonomous (vegetative) nervous system. General morphofunctional characteristics, departments. The structure of the extra- and intramural ganglia and the nuclei of the central parts of the autonomic nervous system.
7. Organs of the senses. General morphofunctional characteristics. The concept of analyzers. Structure and cytophysiology of receptor cells. Classification of the senses. Olfactory organ: structure, development, cytophysiology.
8. Eye. Sources of development and the main stages of embryogenesis. The structure of the main functional apparatus of the eyeball, their age-related changes. Adaptive retinal changes in light and darkness.
9. Histophysiological characteristics of secondary-sensory sensory epithelial receptor cells. The organ of taste. Development, structure, function. Innervation.
10. Organ of hearing. Morphofunctional characteristic. Development, structure, cytophysiology of the receptor cells of the inner ear.
11. Body balance. Development, structure, function. Morphofunctional characteristics of sensory-epithelial (hair) cells.
12. The endocrine system. Morphofunctional characteristic. Classification. The concept of target cells and hormone receptors. Epiphysis: sources of development, structure, secretory functions. The role of the pineal gland in the endocrine system.
13. Hypothalamus. Sources of development. Neurosecretory departments. Structure: large cell and small cell nuclei, especially the organization and function of neurosecretory cells. Regulation of hypothalamus functions.
14. Hypothalamic-adeno-hypophysial and hypothalamic-neuro-hypophysial systems. Structure and functional significance. Characterization of neurosecretory cells. Neurohemous organs, especially that their vascularization. Akso-vasal synapses.
15. The pituitary gland. Sources and main stages of embryonic development. Structure: tissue and cellular composition of adeno-and neurohypophysis. Morphofunctional characteristics of adenocytes, their changes in violation of the hormonal status. Regulation of functions.
16. Thyroid gland. Sources and main stages of embryonic development. Structure: tissue and cellular composition. Functional meaning Features of the secretory process in thyrocytes, its regulation.
17. Parathyroid glands. Sources of development. Tissue and cellular composition. Functional meaning Age changes. Cellular elements of other organs involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis.
18. Adrenal glands. Sources and main stages of development. The structure of the cortical and medulla. Morphofunctional characteristics of adrenocorticocytes, their changes due to the level of biosynthesis and secretion of hormones. The secretory function of the adrenal glands and its regulation. Age changes.
19. Diffuse endocrine system. Localization. Modern ideas about the sources of development. Morphofunctional characteristics of hormone-producing cells. The role of their hormones in the regulation of the functions of the organ and the body (on a specific example).
20. Cardiovascular system. General morphofunctional characteristics. Classification of vessels, their development and structure. The relationship of hemodynamic conditions and the structure of blood vessels. The principle of innervation of blood vessels. Vascular regeneration.
21. Arteries. Morphofunctional characteristic. Classification, development, structure and function of arteries. The relationship of artery structure and hemodynamic conditions. Age changes.
22. Veins. Morphofunctional characteristic. Classification, development, structure and function of veins. The relationship of the structure of veins and hemodynamic conditions. Age changes.
23. The vessels of the microvasculature. Morphofunctional characteristic. Arterioles. Features of the structural organization and regulation of arteriole activity.
24. The vessels of the microvasculature. Morphofunctional characteristic. Capillaries Structure. Organospecificity of capillaries. The concept of the histohematic barrier.
25. The vessels of the microvasculature. Morphofunctional characteristic. Arteriolo-venular anastomoses. Classification, structure and function of various types of arteriolo-venular anastomoses.
26. Lymphatic vessels. Morphofunctional characteristic. Sources of development. The structure and function of lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels.
27. Heart. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. The structure of the membranes of the heart wall in the atria and ventricles. Vascularization. Innervation. Regeneration. Age features. The structure and histochemical characteristics of the conducting system.
28. The concept of the immune system and its tissue components. Classification and characterization of immunocytes and their interaction in the reactions of humoral and cellular immunity.
29. Thymus as the central organ of immunopoesis, its role in the formation of T-lymphocytes. Types of T-lymphocytes, their antigen-independent and antigen-dependent differentiation, characterization of receptors.
30. Bone marrow and fabric bag as central organs of immunopoesis, their role in the formation of B-lymphocytes. Varieties of B-lymphocytes and plasma cells, their antigen-independent differentiation, characterization of receptors.
31. The role of macrophages and mast cells in immune responses, the characterization of their receptors. Cell cooperation. The concept of mediators and regulators of immune responses.
32. General morphofunctional characteristics of the oral mucosa. Sources of development. Language, its structure and functions. Age changes.
33. Teeth. The main stages of development, structure. Regeneration of tooth tissues. Age changes.
34. Large salivary glands. Features of the structure and development of various glands. Their regeneration and age-related changes.
35. Digestive canal. The general plan of the wall structure, sources of development and histo-functional characteristics of the shells of different departments. Regeneration. Esophagus: its structure and function.
36. Morphofunctional characteristics of the endocrine and lymphoid apparatus of the alimentary canal. Tonsils: structure and function. Regeneration.
37. Stomach. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. Features of the structure of various departments. Histophysiology of the glands. Innervation and vascularization. Regeneration. Age features.
38. Small intestine. Development. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. Histophysiology of the crypt-villus system. Features of the structure of various departments. Innervation and vascularization. Regeneration. Age features.
39. Large intestine. Vermiform process. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. Structure. Age features.
40. Pancreas. Development, structure of Exo and endocrine parts, their histophysiology. Regeneration. Age changes. The concept of the gastroenteropancreatic (HEP) endocrine system.
41. Liver. General morphofunctional characteristics. Sources of development. Features of blood circulation. The structure of the classic hepatic lobules. The concept of the portal lobule and acini. Structural and functional characteristics of hepatocytes, lipocytes and sinusoidal hemocapillaries. Regeneration. Age features. Gallbladder: structure and function.
42. Hemopoiesis. The concept of stem and half-stem cells, differenons, features of embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis. Characteristics of embryonic blood formation in the yolk sac, liver, red bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes.
43. The structure of the red bone marrow. Characteristics of postembryonic blood formation in the red bone marrow. The interaction of stromal and hematopoietic elements.
44. Thymus. Structure and functional significance. Characteristics of postembryonic blood formation in the thymus. The interaction of epithelial, stromal and hematopoietic elements. Endocrine function of the thymus. The concept of age and accidental involution of the thymus.
45. Spleen. Structure and functional significance. Features of the blood supply, embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis in the spleen. T- and B-zones.
46. The structure and functional significance of the lymph nodes and lymphoid nodules of the mucous membranes of various organs. Participation of lymphoid organs in proliferation, differentiation and maturation of T-and B-lymphocytes.
47. Respiratory system. Morphofunctional characteristic. Respiratory and non-respiratory functions. Airways. Sources of development. The structure and function of the trachea and bronchi of various sizes.
48. Light. Morphofunctional characteristic. Sources of development. The structure of the airway and respiratory departments. Air-blood barrier. Features of the blood supply to the lung.
49. Total cover. Its morphofunctional characteristic. Sources of development. The structure of the skin and its derivatives – skin glands, hair, nails. Age and sexual characteristics of the skin. Regeneration.
50. Kidneys. Sources and main stages of development. The structure and characteristics of the blood supply. Nephrons, their varieties, main divisions, histophysiology. Structural basis of the endocrine function of the kidneys. Age changes.
51. Urinary system. Its morphofunctional characteristic. Ureters, bladder, urethra. Sources of development, structure, innervation.
52. Testicle: structure, function, fetal and postembryonic histogenesis. Spermatogenesis, its regulation. The role of the blood testis barrier in maintaining intratubular homeostasis. Endocrine testicular function.
53. The sperm ducts and auxiliary glands of the male reproductive system. The epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland. Structure, function, embryonic and postembryonic development. Age changes.
54. Ovary: structure, function, embryonic and postembryonic histogenesis. Cyclic changes in the ovary during puberty and their hormonal regulation. Endocrine function of the ovary. Age changes.
55. Uterus, oviducts, vagina. Structure, function, development. Cyclic changes in the organs of the female reproductive system and their hormonal regulation. Age changes.
56. The mammary gland. Development, structure features of lactating and non-lactating glands. Regulation of lactation.
57. Sex cells. Morphofunctional characteristic. The role of the nucleus and cytoplasm in the transmission and implementation of genetic information.
58. Age periodization of human life. General characteristics of prenatal and postnatal ontogenesis. Features of the neonatal period.
59. Spermatogenesis and ovogenesis. Comparative characteristics.
60. Fertilization, fragmentation and the structure of blastula in humans.
61. Stages of embryogenesis. Characteristics and value of the process of gastrulation. Gastrulation in humans.
62. Differentiation of germ layers, the formation of an axial complex of organ primordia in humans at the 2nd and 3rd week of development. Mesenchyme
63. Education, structure and function of the embryonic membranes and provisional organs in humans.
64. Early human embryogenesis. Histo-and organogenesis at 2-3 weeks of development.
65. Histo-and organogenesis. Features and ratios of the development processes of the main human organ systems at 4-8 weeks of embryonic development.
66. The relationship of the embryo with the maternal organism. Implantation. The placenta of man, its development, structure, function. Types of mammalian placentas.
67. The constituent components of development processes. Fetal induction as one of the regulatory mechanisms of embryogenesis.
68. The concept of critical periods in prenatal and postnatal development. The influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on development.
69. Age-related organ transformations in postnatal ontogenesis. The morphology of aging blood vessels.
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